CONGRESS ABSTRACT

Introduction: People at cardiovascular (CV) risk or without risk often struggle to remember the parameters and values that influence their risk. We propose a list to help them recall these values.   The Golden Rules Smoking: No Fasting glucose: 70–99 mg/dL Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): <6.5% in young patients; the value can be dangerous in the elderly Total cholesterol: <180 mg/dL LDL cholesterol: <116 mg/dL for individuals without risk factors <100 mg/dL for moderate risk <70 mg/dL for high risk <55 mg/dL after acute cardiovascular events or with very high risk <40 mg/dL for a second CV event within two years Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL Body Mass Index (BMI): 18.5–24.9 Waist circumference (men): 94–102 cm; >102: reduce weight Waist circumference (women): 80–88 cm; >88: reduce weight Blood Pressure (BP) for adults: <120/<70 mmHg 120–139/70–89 mmHg: normal – high ≥140/90 mmHg: hypertension Physical activity: 75–150 minutes per week (vigorous activity) or 150–300 minutes per week (moderate activity) Strength training for muscle groups twice per week   Additional Rules Diet: follow the food pyramid Wine: 1–2 glasses/day for men 1 glass/day for women Coffee, tea: yes, in moderation Stress: to avoid   HbA1c in Diabetics: <7.1%: good 7.1%-9%: moderate > 9%: poor   Apo-B (Apo-B100: synthesized in the liver; Apo-B48: synthesized in the intestine). Normal values: 60–120 mg/dL 60–120 mg/dL: low to moderate CV risk >120 mg/dL: high CV risk to reduce moderate risk £ 90 mg/dL; to reduce high risk or very high risk: £ 80mg/dL   Lp(a): increasing the risk of plaque formation and thrombotic events due to its structural similarity to plasminogen, a precursor of plasmin. Values: Optimal: <30 mg/dL (or <75 nmol/L) Intermediate risk: 30–50 mg/dL (or 75–125 nmol/L) High risk: >50 mg/dL (or >125 nmol/L) >50 mg/dL combined with diabetes: extreme CV risk   Remarks: Recommendations must be accompanied by specific values where applicable. Lp(a) should be measured at least once in every adult’s lifetime to correctly assess CV risk. Elevated Lp(a) levels should be investigated in cases of atherosclerosis and early acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Apo-B may provide more precise information about LDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels.